Morphology of the egg shell and the developing embryo of the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
Egg shell of insect forms a barrier to protect the egg and the embryo from possible disadvantageous environmental influences like desiccation, water loss, bacterial infection and physical destruction. On the other hand, the egg shell enables gas exchange and maintenance of proper humidity. These diverse functions are usually performed by distinct and structurally specified regions of the egg shell (Chapman, 1998).
Egg shells are often species-specific, moreover their morphology, when considered comparatively, may reflect important evolutionary adaptations and characters of egg shells may be satisfactorily used for phylogenetic considerations (Howard and Kistner, 1978; Dominguez and Cuezzo, 2002). Basically, the egg shells consist of two major parts: vitelline envelope and chorion (Rosciszewska, 1996a,b; Simiczyjew, 1999; Poprawa and Rost, 2004; Kubrakiewicz et al., 2005; Sierr et al., 1995; Gaino et al., 2008).
The chorion is secreted by cells in the follicular epithelium when eggs are laid; it is viscous, allowing the egg to adhere to the substrate. When dry, the chorion assumes its characteristic patterns. According to Mendonca et al. (2008) the chorion of the egg shell in other insects bears the more or less hexagonal honey-comb impression of the follicle cells (epithelium) of the females ovaries.
The chorionic characteristics structures of the insects' eggs introduce many variations. In many insect eggs this chorion has two distinct layers: the endo- and the exochorion. They are not homologous among different species (Rogol et al., 1992).
The insect ootaxonomy, based on egg chorionic sculpturing observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), is well advanced for a comparative morphological study of eggs of various families of the Dipteran insects (Hinton, 1981; Fousto et al., 1993), species of Coleopteran insects from Chrysomelidae (Rowley and Peters, 1972), and from Bostrichidae (Kucerova and Stejskal, 2008).
According to Sierr et al. (1995) chorionic structures can be grouped into three basic types (micropyles, attachment structures, and chorionic sculpturing) each of which can also be classified according to some characteristics of the chorion structures, such as like ultrastructure, single or collective arrangement, and position or distribution on egg shell surface.
Insect eggs have a gap-like structure in the chorion denominated micropyles. Some insects have a single terminal micropyle. But several species present a micropylar apparatus constituted by a set of openings, where the spermatozoa penetrate the eggs (Yamauchi and Yoshitake, 1984). Depending on the insect species, the number and the position of micropylar apertures may vary from two to one hundred and this apparatus is present in the Acrididae, which shows 30–40 openings disposed in a ring at the posterior region of the egg (Sarashina et al., 2005). However, Weesner (1969) stated that, the micropylar apparatus in Termitidae was present near the posterior region of the eggs and the number of its openings were concentrated in a single row or arc and ranged from 6 to 11, varied considerably among the species and even among eggs of the same species. The micropylar openings were reaching up to 40 in Cryptotermes brevis (Roonwal and Rathore, 1975).
Also, the chorion of many insects' eggs contains an air layer. The aeropyle is adopted to allow sufficient gas exchange, and formation of this layer which acts as an efficient distribution system of gases for the developing eggs, has been studied in details in some insects including Drosophila (King et al., 1956; Cummings and King, 1969) and the silkworm moth, Bombyx mori (Matsuzaki, 1968; Mazur et al., 1980).
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the eggs morphometric and morphological external characteristics of eggs surface. The details of chorion sculpturing, architecture, micropylar and airopyle apparatus style, the embryo hatching area as well as the gradual differentiation of the egg envelopes and chorionic changes in the eggs of the Red Palm Weevil, R. ferrugineus (Oliver).
This study may be considered a standard reference in the egg morphological descriptions of the insect, however, no structures or ultrastructures of egg capsule surface or egg shells were described before, for this species.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3730735/
Quote from: Perfect-Organism on Sep 08, 2016, 12:08:44 AM
Hey where's Brett's hat? I thought that was an integral part of his anatomy..
It was recently discovered, here you go:
http://www.avpgalaxy.net/forum/index.php?topic=38247.650