At the end of the day think the variables in the species and the lifecycle adds depth.
For example, you could argue the Derelict's eggs were dormant for a long period of time so the metabolic reaction of the Face hugger's payload was as a result slower, more sleepy in growing.
The only other long gestation in the franchise is Ripley's Queen in Alien 3. She had been in hypersleep so maybe a delay factor in that too.
Covenant's fast gestations can be explained as just a result of a very fresh creation that David made eggs without a Queen & harnessed direct from the pathogen with human dna so there was a more rapid reaction perhaps.
Anyway don't think it is an unfillable plot hole or an unsolvable contradiction