We know that the pathogen, ultimately, alters the DNA of the infected host and that they eventually mutate into something resembling a Xenomorph. Unfortunately, Prometheus, Covenant and, now, Romulus all muddy the water as to how exactly it works as we see a variety of outcomes based upon different scenarios.
The things that Prometheus does show us are the mural, depicting some form of the Xenomorph (perhaps its purest form) and also that there was an outbreak on LV-223 that resulted in some chest-bursting which suggests the alien's lifecycle that we are familiar with. Although, how that came to be is something of a mystery as, presumably, a facehugger or trilobite was required for that.