It's quite possible, yes. We don't know what the distance was from the colony.
However, if 'Alien Resurrection' wasn't a dream, then we have the quote which pretty much dismisses it as a possibility. I also like to think Ripley would have preferred to be 100% thorough and made sure, with Bishop's assistance, that it had been destroyed.
On the other hand, it's been pointed out before that the egg chamber's dimensions are larger than the ship could technically support.... If it was a matter of the ship docking onto a subterranean cavern/facility, then Ripley could have wrongly assumed that, even if the derelict was clearly destroyed, that it meant the eggs also were.
Keep in mind that the early scripts for 'Alien' depicted the ship having docked onto a structure which was put there by an even older civilisation.